<---GO BACK
Learn about DNA Results
Markers
When Family Tree DNA does the processing to get the
results, they look at certain areas of the DNA cell structure called
"markers." These markers (or certain parts of the DNA structure) are
labeled with a name, usually beginning with the prefix 'DYS-'., but most of
the time, they are just known by 'Marker-'. For example: DYS-390 aka. Marker
390 or DYS-19 aka Marker 19. These numbers are found at the top of
the results chart. This just sets the standard for every testee to give
their numerical value for that marker. Black numbers represent the
markers that do not change over a long period of time. Red numbers
markers are more apt to change short term.
Lineage
On the left of the chart, there is a Kit
number which gives a link to their ancestral line. Next is
the HAPLO group. Then the Marker numbers
for that individual. All that you have to do to understand the chart is see
which numbers match. For example: Example A:
The numbers
match...thus these two testees maybe related, but a upgrade in markers may
be necessary. Example B:
These marker numbers do not match...and these two testees ARE NOT related.
Of course some numbers are the same for both testees, but to establish any
relation, you need to match up on at least 11/12.
How to see a relation
As you can see from the chart below, if the numbers
match up for two or more testees, they are outlined in the same color. But,
also notice that the that two markers are different, this could be a very
important clue in establishing lineage from one particular line.
Of course we
don't know exactly how they are all related, but we do know that they come
from the same family. That is why paper research is still essential in
researching- the DNA results will tell you whether or not that paperwork is
correct.
Comparisons
Now you're probably wondering: What if I match up with
another Doty-Doughty perfectly on the first 12 numbers, but when I compare
the rest of my 25 numbers, I only match up 24 out of 25? The more numbers
that you have to compare, the more chances you have to NOT match up on one
of them. I will describe this below:
Example A: You and another
testee match up perfectly 25 out of 25 the numbers.
Example B:
You and another testee match up 24 out of the 25 numbers.
Using the
examples above, the testees in Example A would be more closely related than
Example B, because they have more numbers that match. So by upgrading your
test from a 12 to a 37 marker test will give you a better idea of how
"closely" related you and that testee are. Most of the Edward Doty line have
upgraded to the 37 marker test. It will give us a better idea of which lines
are more closely related, because we already know that there is a definite
relation, considering that most everyone has matched very close to 37
numbers.
Mutations
We will look for certain patterns in the results that
have a Mutation. A mutation could signify that you have a result of 12
for Marker 439 and the majority of other testees have a result of 11. This
is known as a "1-step" mutation, because your number took a step either up
or down from the established majority result of 11. (Mutations will be
highlighted) Mutations are expected! They occur over a period of time,
and can even be found in a father and son relationship. Some research has
even claimed that natural land features or the age of the father at the time
of conception aid the progress of mutations
Y-Dna Haplogroups (Haplo)
The Haplogroups to
date are A through T, source
ISOOG.ORG
In our group we have E,
I, G, and R,
presently.
Haplogroup E would appear to have arisen in Northeast
Africa, G is primarily a Middle Eastern, Caucasus Region,
and Mediterranean, I is a European haplogroup, and
R1b is believed to have arisen in southwest Asia and today is most
frequently observed in Europe and especially in western Europe.
Backbone Test
A Backbone test determines which haplogroup,
or major branch of the Y-DNA tree, your paternal line belongs to, it tests
the “backbone” of the tree or the SNPs that determine the major branches.
Deep Clade Test
A haplogroup test will test a single SNP to
determine which haplogroup, or major branch of the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree,
your paternal line belongs to. Once your haplogroup is known or predicted,
you can use a Deep Clade test to identify the other SNP mutations that
occurred in order to find your twig on the Y-DNA tree.
FAQ on DNA
 | |
