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Learn about DNA Results
Markers When Family Tree
DNA does the processing to get the results, they look at certain areas of
the DNA cell structure called "markers." These markers (or certain
parts of the DNA structure) are labeled with a name, usually beginning with
the prefix 'DYS-'., but most of the time, they are just known by
'Marker-'. For example: DYS-390 aka. Marker 390 or DYS-19 aka Marker 19.
These numbers are found at the top of the results chart. This just sets the
standard for every testee to give their numerical value for that marker.
To put it extremely simple, it
helps to ask the question for every testee: What did you get for marker 390?
I got a 9 and you got a 9 too. Well what did you get for marker
19? I got a 12 and you got a 12 too. And so on and so on....
Lineage On the left of the
chart, there is a Kit number which gives that testee's lineages with a link
to their ancestral line. Next are the results for that individual. All
that you have to do to understand the chart is see which numbers match. For
example: Example A:

The numbers match...thus
these two testees ARE related. Example B:

These numbers do not match...and these two testees ARE NOT related. Of
course some numbers are the same for both testees, but to establish any
relation, you need to match up on at least 11/12.
How to see a relation As
you can see from the chart below, if the numbers match up for two or more
testees, they are outlined in the same color. All of Edward Doty's
descendants are in light blue. But, also notice that the that two markers
are different, this could be a very important clue in establishing lineage
from one particular line.

Of course we don't know
exactly how they are all related, but we do know that they come from the
same Doty-Doughty family. That is why paper research is still essential in
researching- the DNA results will tell you whether or not that paperwork is
correct.
Comparisons Now you're
probably wondering: What if I match up with another Doty-Doughty perfectly
on the first 12 numbers, but when I compare the rest of my 25 numbers,
I only match up 24 out of 25? The more numbers that you have to compare, the
more chances you have to NOT match up on one of them. I will describe this
below: Example A: You and another testee match up perfectly 25 out
of 25 the numbers. Example B: You and another testee match
up 24 out of the 25 numbers. Using the examples above, the testees in
Example A would be more closely related than Example B, because they have
more numbers that match. So by upgrading your test from a 12 to a 25 marker
test will give you a better idea of how "closely" related you and that
testee are. Most of the Edward Doty line has upgraded to the 37 marker test.
It will give us a better idea of which lines are more closely related,
because we already know that there is a definite relation, considering that
most everyone has matched perfectly 25 out of the 25 numbers.
Mutations We will look for
certain patterns in the results that have a Mutation. A mutation could
signify that you have a result of 12 for Marker 439 and the majority of
other testees have a result of 11. This is known as a "1-step" mutation,
because your number took a step either up or down from the established
majority result of 11. (Mutations will be outlined in grey) Mutations
are expected! They occur over a period of time, and can even be found in a
father and son relationship. Some research has even claimed that natural
land features or the age of the father at the time of conception aid the
progress of mutations
Haplogroups The easiest
way to understand a haplogroup is to understand the history of DNA testing.
Back in the early '50's when this science became available, scientists took
samples from people all over the world. They began to notice that certain
countries or groups of people had common numbers (results). They used these
unique numbers and compared them to history: "These people originated in
Southern Africa, and have been there for 10,000 years and look at their
result pattern; we will label them as "haplogroup Q12." or “These people
(Indians) have a similar result pattern, and we know that they crossed the
Bering Strait into North America. We will label them as "haplogroup F5."As
you see from the results chart, most of our Doty-Doughty testees are in the
R1b haplogroup. You can just look for the history of the R1b haplogroup,
and find that it’s the most common of all the haplogroups. The largest
majority of population showing this trait is located throughout Northern
Europe. Since we can trace our Doty-Doughty lines into British Isles, this
makes sense! But, notice that the Thomas Doughty-Eng/PA line also
originated from England. Yet they have the G2 haplogroup which is more
commonly found in the Western European and Russian Steppe lands. This
could be from a number of reasons: Maybe a mercenary under the Roman Empire
came to the Britain with Julius Caesar? or Maybe an Arab Christian who
fought in the Holy Crusades came to England to escape persecution?
These exact situational questions can only be answered through paper
documentation and/or historical research. DNA results will help to lead you
in the right direction! DNA RESULTS DOESN'T LIE!!!
FAQ on DNA
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